Same-Sex Marriage Essay - 1176 Words

Segments of many countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have begun to acknowledge the rights of homosexuals. However, homosexuals are still fighting today to become equal with all citizens in hopes of receiving their respective rights. Same-sex marriage is against the axiom of many religions and is predicted to be controversial for a very long time. Nonetheless, we are known to have the separation of church from state. Separation of church and state is known to be the distance between organized religion and government. Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1802, â€Å"Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate†¦show more content†¦All of those topics are valuable to our society and need attention. However, certain members of authority would rather spend their money and effort into seize the practice of same-sex marriage. The content behind t he reasoning leads back to religion and morality. It should be understood that our personal preferences should not conflict with anyone’s equality which in return leads to their happiness. We have all heard authoritative figures bash and speak outrageously towards the homosexual community, singling them out. The phrase â€Å"Equality before the law†, is a known principle under which everyone is subject to the same justice and the same laws. If citizens are all subject to equal punishment, why are not all citizens subject to receiving equal rights? Tom Corbett, the governor of Pennsylvania, has an administration who unapproves same-sex marriage. Pennsylvanias county register had previously issued out 154 same-sex marriage license. When Corbett’s administration was notified of this, they decided to sue the county register. In attempts to reason the lawsuit filed, they released a statement, â€Å"Had the clerk issued marriage licenses to 12 year-olds in violation of state law, would anyone seriously contend that each 12 year-old†¦ is entitled to a hearing on the validity of his license?†, (Corbett’s Administration,2013). Granted, issuing out those licenses was in fact illegal, considering Pennsylvania has not passed the law granting same-sex marriage. However, inferringShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage And Marriage948 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. I know that I am strongly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I vigorously believe that traditional marriage and parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and parenting are to me, issues of a society with strong traditional cultural identitiesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage754 Words   |  4 Pages 11/8/06 Argument Essay Same-Sex Marriage: Not a Match for Society Marriage, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is â€Å"the legal relationship into which a man and a woman enter with purpose of making a home and raising a family† (358).Although most people in the United States, including myself, agree on that definition, there are a select few who do not. Some feel same-sex marriage should be legalized; I disagree! I disagree because of its effects on children, its unnaturalness, and its religious immoralityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1418 Words   |  6 PagesGay Couples Should Have the Same Rights As Married Couples Professor PHI 210 June 6, 2013 Same-sex marriage is a topic that has become increasingly more debatable throughout time. America has been said to be the â€Å"land of the free,† but when it comes to homosexual couples, it is far from that. If same-sex marriage was legalized, many positive outcomes could emerge from it; the society would be closer to equality, adoption would increase, gained social support for families would developRead Moreno to same-sex marriage!894 Words   |  4 Pageseverything builds up. I Corinthians 10:23 Against Same Sex Marriage - The Six Point Case Each of these six points against same sex marriage will be explained in detail in the following articles. Click on each link for more explanation. Natural marriage is the foundation of a civilized society. Homosexual behavior is inherently destructive. The law is a great teacher, and it encourages or discourages behavior. Government-backed same-sex marriage would encourage and normalize homosexual behaviorRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage 962 Words   |  4 Pagescaucasian because of laws passing interracial marriages around the 20th century due to Loving V. Virginia (Melina Patria). By the 1960s, the women’s rights movement was in full motion switching male and female roles drastically(Human right’s watch). The home may have no longer been spacious and big with the stock market crash of 1929(First Member Century). Its 2013 and there may be another possible alteration; same sex marriage. Even though same sex marriage may be a sensitive issue with people, as aRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1152 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† Submitted by: Ellicia Jiona Candelaria Submitted to: Mrs. Joan Bataclan ABSTRACT Biological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† This study describes the advantages and also the disadvantages of couples of the same sex being married. It aims to explore how it affects the society and most importantly the church. Same-sex marriage, popularly known as gay marriage, is a socially or legally reorganized wedlock between two persons of similarRead MoreSame Sex Marriage884 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage Is the definition of marriage being threatened in the United States? President Bill Clinton signed the federal Defense of Marriage Act into law on September 21, 1996. This Act defined marriage at the federal level as between a man and a woman. The federal DOMA statute ensured that no state would be forced to recognize gay marriages performed in other states and prevented same-sex couples from receiving federal protections and benefits given to married heterosexual couples. OnRead MoreSame Sex Marriage990 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of gay marriage argue around the concept of equality in America. Our country is said to be found on the principle that all men are created equal, so that make it hypocritical to deny the rights of homosexuals, as it was hypocritical to deny freedom to African Americans or to prohibit women s suffrage. Supporters also believe that Gays should be allows the same benefits as regular married couples. For instance, only through marriage do same sex couple s have the rights to their partnerRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1120 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage has been a topic on the rise throughout the U.S. It is what some of us may consider one of the more important topics of discussion for this time period. So far 17 states out of 50 have declared same sex marriage legal (States, 2013). Same sex marriage should be legal throughout the U.S. because same sex couples have a civil right to get married, along with a right to have access to the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and to be treated as equals without fear of discriminationRead MoreSame-sex Marriage604 Words   |  2 Pages in the media, same sex marriage has been widely discussed and debated. Some feel it should be legalized, while others believe that it is a sin and should remain illegal. Their are many pros and cons on both sides of this argument, however there are main points leading to why gay marriage should be legal. Legalizing gay marriage will not harm heterosexual marriages or family values, and society will continue to function normally. This is a true statement, because when two people get

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin - 986 Words

Kate Chopin, an U.S author of many short stories and novels in the late nineteenth Century. Most of her best-known work focuses on the lives of sensitive, intelligent women in the old strict society. â€Å"The Story Of An Hour† is one of her short fiction, which was written in 1894 (Walker). This fiction story makes the reader curious through its title, also the setting is reasonable for situation happens, in addition the unexpected ending is one of the factors make the story more interesting. The story talks about Louise Mallard, who is looked after carefully by her sister, Josephine, due to her heart trouble. After Louise hears about the news of her husband’s death, she is briefly in shock. Afterward, she locks in her own room. Here, she loses her mind and imagines a whole new life of freedom for herself without her husband. Suddenly, Louise’s husband, Bently appears as an alive man and walks into the house. When Louise sees him, she has a tremendous shock and dies of her heart attack. â€Å"The Story Of An Hour† is a mystery title, which makes the reader curious to explore what happens in an hour. Time is a factor which is usually used in a story to show the process of action. Particularly, from the moment Louise Mallard hears about the bad news to when she passes away is in one hour. Time is considered slow or fast, it depends on how you spend it. In general, an hour doesn’t seem like a lot of time if you spend doing your favorite things, such as dating with your boyfriendShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to find pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface meaning. Through t his short story, told in less than one thousand one hundred words, Kate Chopin illustrates a deeper meaning of Mrs. Mallard’s marriage with herRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of an Hour In the â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, is about pleasure of freedom and the oppression of marriage. Just like in Kate Chopin’s story, inside most marriages, even the ones that seem to be the happiest, one can be oppressed. Even though, one might seem to be happy deep inside they miss the pleasure of freedom and living life to the fullest. Just like, in this story Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and when she hears about her husband’s death she first feels distraught, but ultimatelyRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1457 Words   |  6 PagesEmotions and Death Everyone who reads a story will interpret things slightly different than the person who reads it before or after him or her. This idea plays out with most every story, book, song, and movie. These interpretations create conflict and allow people to discuss different ideas and opinions. Without this conflict of thought there is no one devoting time to debate the true meaning of a text. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† tells about a woman who is informed of her husbands deathRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin987 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† reader’s see a potentially long story put into a few pages filled with rising action, climax and even death. In the beginning of the story, character Louise Mallard, who has a heart condition, is told of the death of her husband by her sister and one of her husband’s friends. Afterwards Mrs. Mallard is filled with emptiness and then joy of freedom. This joy of freedom is actually what consequently leads to her death in the end when she discoversRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1061 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are introduced to characters whose lives change drastically in the course of this writing. Through Kate Chopin’s story we can identify many different themes and examples of symbolism in her writing. Chopin’s choice of themes in this writing are no surprise due to the time frame of which this story was written. Chopin often wrote stories with of women’s rights, and is noted as one of America’s first open feminists. As this story of an ill, helplessRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin expresses Ms. Mallard’s feelings towards her husband’s death in an appalling train accident. Due to her bad heart, her sister Josep hine had to be the bearer of bad news and approach his death gently to her. According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know thatRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. For me and â€Å"a story of an hour† the thought of freedom is what draws me the most as a teenageRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kat e Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin886 Words   |  4 Pages In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the reader is presented with the theme of prohibited independence. In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Storm†, the scenery in this story builds the perfect atmosphere for an adulterous affair. The importance of these stories is to understand the era they occurred. Kate Chopin wrote stories with exceptional openness about sexual desires. In â€Å"The Storm†, a short story written by Kate Chopin in a time when women were expected to act a certain way and sexual cravings was consideredRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she gets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then dies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphaned

Babylon Essay Research Paper In what today free essay sample

Babylon Essay, Research Paper In what today is Iraq, there one time was a great civilisation known as Babylon, which at one clip could hold ruled the universe and was home to the 2nd admiration of the universe, the Hanging Gardens. Babylon was located in an ancient part surrounded by the Tigris and Euphrates River called the Mesopotamia country ( now southern Iraq near the terminal of the Fertile Crescent ) . This great civilisation foremost initiated around 3500 BC and began to crumple after the twelvemonth 323 BC. The Babylon civilization was successful because of the advanced citizens, cultural metropoliss, their engineering, and both political and legal systems. The capital of the Babylon Empire was a big metropolis in Babylon, which were place to 10,000 to 40,000 Sumerians and Semites ( names of Babylonians ) . The metropolis was discreet by a big wall to guard off any aggressors. Inside the walls there were several brilliant castles and temples utilized for mundane worship. The remainder of the metropolis had typical houses that had a cardinal courtyard established in every room. Narrow and writhing streets outside the wall at gaps located the houses where open-air markets at the bizarre took topographic point. Many people arising from two major civilisations populated Babylon: the mobile Sumerians and the cryptic Semitic. The Sumerians were the first people to settle in Babylon, after go forthing their fatherland in Sumeria, but bit by bit united with the Semitic. The Sumerians made the land into a great country to farm, rise farm animal, construct swamps, and irrigate canals. These lessons taught by the Sumerians instituted themselves in to Babylonian life. The Babylonians understood the proficient accomplishments of the Sumerians in irrigation and agribusiness. Keeping the system of canals butchs, weirs, and reservoirs exercised by their predecessors required considerable technology cognition and accomplishment. All of the tools and readyings the Sumerians used were inaugurated into Babylonian history. Due to Babylon? s location, agriculture was a methodical business necessitating great foresight, diligence, and skill. As in The Ancient Babylonian ( Davis: 4 ) , a papers written in Sumerian, but used as a text edition in the Babylon schools is a regular husbandman # 8217 ; s farmers calendar. It records a series of instructions and waies to steer farm activities from the lacrimation of the Fieldss, to the sifting of the harvested harvests. Babylon? s civilization is rather amazing. Law and justness were indispensable constructs in the Babylon manner of life. At the caput of the political construction was the male monarch, a more or less absolute sovereign who exercised legislative and judicial every bit good as executive powers. Justice was upheld by the tribunals, each of which consisted of from one to four Judgess. Often the seniors of a town constituted a court. The Judgess could non change by reversal their determinations for any ground, but entreaties from their finding of facts could be made to the male monarch. Evidence! either of statements from informants or of written paperss. Babylonian legal constructs have been inherited, in one signifier or another, by many civilisations around the universe. Babylonian art and arch itecture continues to astonish modern-day historiographers. To guarantee that their legal, administrative, and economic establishments operated efficaciously, the Babylonns used the cuneiform system of composing developed by their Sumerian predecessors. To develop their Scribes, secretaries, archivists, and other administrative forces, they used the Sumerian system of formal instruction, under which secular schools employed as the cultural centres of the land. Throughout Babylon? s history, it stayed as an independent state. However, near its terminal, others began to occupy and suppress this great civilisation. Babylon was portion of the Persian imperium from 539 B.C. until 331 B.C. when Alexander the Great took over the imperium. Alexander the Great loved Babylon so much he was able to do Babylon the capital of his imperium, but he? expired? in 323 BC and after that point the Babylon imperium began to crumple everlastingly. For case, Babylonian influence is permeant throughout the Bible and in the plants of such Grecian poets as Homer and Hesiod, in the geometry of the Grecian mathematician Euclid, in uranology, in star divination, and in heraldry. More than 1200 old ages had elapsed from the glorious reign of Hammurabi to the subjection of Babylonia by the Persians. During this long span of clip the Babylonian societal construction, economic organisation, humanistic disciplines and trades, scientific discipline and literature, judicial system, and spiritual beliefs underwent considerable alteration, but by and large merely in inside informations, non in kernel. Grounded about entirely on the civilization of Sumer, Babylonian cultural accomplishments left a deep feeling on the full antediluvian universe, and peculiarly on the Hebrews and the Greeks. Even contemporary civilisation is indebted culturally to Babylonian civilisation to some extent. On the other manus the Babylonn imperium has left us with many great promotion in many Fieldss and besides made their imperium sucessful. In decision the Babylonn imperium was one of the greatest civilisations of all time on this planet. 1.Breasted, James 1959 Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Babylon Harper and Row, New York 2.Budge, E.A. Wallis 1973 Babylon Civilization Dover Publications, Inc. , New York 3.Budge, E.A. Wallis 1976 Babylonian Ideas of the Future Life Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner A ; Co. , London 4.Davis, A. Rosalie 1982 The Ancient Babylonian Routledge A ; Kegan Paul, London 5.Davis, Charles H.S. 1894 The Babylonian G.P. Putnam? s Sons, New York 6.Jaynes, Julian 1976 The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 7.Wenke, Robert J. 1990 Patterns in Prehistory Oxford University Press, New York 8.Jantzen, Steven L. and Kringer and Neill. 1990. World History: Positions of the Past Houghton Mifflin Company, Canada. 9.Boersma, Jay 1998 Exploring Ancient World Cultures hypertext transfer protocol: //www.watson.org/rivendell/historyBabylon.html 10.Michael Smith and Sandeep Aggarwal, 1993 Ancient Civilizations hypertext transfer protocol: //home.echo-on.net/~smithda/

Comparison of a Doll’s House and Revolutionary Road Essay Example

Comparison of a Doll’s House and Revolutionary Road Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of a Doll’s House and Revolutionary Road specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of a Doll’s House and Revolutionary Road specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of a Doll’s House and Revolutionary Road specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Comparison of a Doll’s House and Revolutionary Road The Revolutionary Road as its title states is a movie about a family made up of the husband, Frank Wheeler, wife, April and their two children. However, it centers o the lives of the husband and wife. The two seek to live fulfilling lives, as their current lives are empty and unsatisfactory despite the presence of material wealth. On the hand, A Doll’s house comprises of a family of husband, Helmer and wife, Nora with their two children. As the title suggests their lives are unfulfilling especially for the wife because the husband seems to care about his business and image within the society. The two works seem to emphasize the presence of differences in terms of the ideals and what people within the marriage consider as happiness. The interpretation of happiness has diverse meaning to the husbands as well as the wives in the tow settings. In addition, priorities within the marriage have been underscored and neglected by those responsible for running the household: husband and wife, in their quest for happiness, societal image and material possession. †¢ Misplacement of priorities and responsibilities due to lack of understanding Misunderstanding in relationships can be attributed to lack of communication or inadequate communication. In addition, it can also be attributed to incompatibility of the two individuals within the relation. April and Frank seem like the perfect family whereas they are not; they have differences in terms of what they want and need in their lives leading to constant arguments. Their misunderstanding and utter lack of communication leads to dreadful events. For instance, Frank fails to communicate to his wife about his promotion at work and his objections towards heading to Paris. April could be described as self-centered because of her decision to seek and abortion, which was inhibiting her dream of going to Paris. She sacrifices her unborn child for a life of happiness and riches with the idea that the secretaries in Paris are paid better than those in America. On the other hand, Helmer has misplaced priorities towards his relationship with his wife leading to a misunderstanding. He views issues in their marriage in the light of material possessions providing for her. As she is about to leave he still does not understand her need for devotion from her husband but instead translates the reason for her leaving as having her needs not met. As he pleads with her not to leave him he states, â€Å"I would gladly work night and day for you, Nora–bear sorrow and want for your sake. But no man would sacrifice his honor for the one he loves.† (Ibsen, 67) This is a clear indication that he would not sacrifice his image for her but only views her needs as only material in nature. †¢ Unrealistic lives and expectations Helmer on the other hand lives in a ‘doll world’ whereby he considers everything from a merry making perspective without viewing life from a real perspective. Helmer views his ability to provide for his family as the only important aspect in his marriage. The marriage is unrealistic as Nora emphasizes that they do not exists as husband and wife but instead live as strangers as they do not know each other. She states, â€Å"I am not speaking about business matters. I say that we have never sat down in earnest together to try and get at the bottom of anything.†(Ibsen, 78) They hardly talk about issues in their marriage. However, Helmer considers talking as irrelevant as he emphasizes that all they need is to have live in the marriage. Frank claims to April that he wants to go to Paris and would love to take her with him. He states, â€Å"All I know now is that feel things. Really feel them. How’s that for an ambition†¦?† (Haythe, 53). He seems to live in a life of delusion that one place is better than the other. Happiness does not dwell in venues but it is people who make venues happy. April picture herself living the life she had always dreamed of in Paris, which is described as the city of love. This is a clear illustration of the need to fulfill ones own desires at the cost of a marriage. †¢ Individualism Nora exercises the fact that she needs her individual space thus she resorts to leaving her well off husband and her own children. This is necessitated by the need to explore her individual self. Nora and Helmer are tow individuals leading tow utterly different lives with individual needs. Nora says to Helmer, â€Å"I must stand quite alone, if I am to understand myself and everything about me.† (Ibsen, 49). She seeks to find herself because she finds her own life as unfulfilling. Helmer on the other hand states, â€Å"†¦But no man would sacrifice his honor for the one he loves.† (Ibsen, 61).This is a clear indication that Helmer leads his own independent from his wife and children, as he is not willing to sacrifice his image and dignity for the standing firm with his wife. On the other hand, April exercises individualism in her quest to seek happiness as she convinces her husband to move to Paris. Her needs are in utter contrast from the needs of her husband who wants to bring up the unborn child and receive the promotion. Her decision to persuade Frank to go Europe is to enable him find himself by soul searching. She convinces him to agree to the idea by telling him, â€Å"Don’t you see that’s the whole idea? You’ll be doing what you should’ve been allowed to do seven years ago. You’ll have time, Frank. You’ll have time to find out what it is that you actually want to do, and when you figure it out you’ll have the time and the freedom to start doing it† (Haythe, 84). This is a clear indication that April is willing to give her husband time to find and lead an individual life without interruptions and bother form the family and work. In conclusion, both pieces of literature emphasize on the presence of communication within any marital union to enable both individuals to understand the need and priorities of the others. In addition, miscommunication can be very costly to a marriage as people rarely meet the needs of the other partner. Work cited Ibsen, Henrik. Project Gutenberg EBook: A Doll’s House. December 13, 2008. Web. 24 May 2012. Accessed from Haythe, Justin. Revolutionary Road. 2008. Web. 24 May 2012. Accessed from

Shen Kua Essays - Technical Writers, Ethnographers, Free Essays

Shen Kua Essays - Technical Writers, Ethnographers, Free Essays Shen Kua Astronomy 201 Astronomer, Shen Kua Shen Kua was born in China in the year 1026. Shen Kua was born to Shen Chou and his wife Hsa. His family had an unbroken tradition of being civil servants. Thus his father was a local administrator of many posts from Szechwan in the west to the international port of Amoy. At Sixteen years old Shen Kua left his home to travel with his father from post to post. While traveling with his father, Shen Kua learned the responsibilities of a local administrator. These responsibilities include a broad range of technical and managerial problems in public works, finance, improvement of agriculture, and maintenance of waterways. In 1051 his father died and after a two year mourning period Shen Kua received his first appointment as a local administrator at the age of twenty two. Soon after his appointment he showed his skill in ability to plan by designing and overseeing a drainage and embankment system that reclaimed some hundred thousand acres of swampland for agriculture. A few years later he passed the national examinations and was assigned a post in Yangchow. While in Yangchow he impressed the Governor Chang Ch'u so much that he recommended that Shen be appointed to the department of Financial Administration. It was about this time that he began to study astronomy. His first works as an astronomer came when he set down clear explanations concerning the sphericity of the sun and the moon as proved by lunar phases, of eclipse limits and the retrogradation of the lunar nodes. These explanations gave the ability to visualize motions in space Which in the past was only best implicit in numerical procedures of traditional astronomy and seldomly discussed in technical writing. Because of this work Shen was given an additional appointed as director of the Astronomical Bureau. His first project as director was a major calendar reform. This reform started with a series of daily observations of the stars that lasted over five years. While these observations where being performed Shen realized the need for a major redesign of major astronomical instruments. The most significant change that Shen made was to the gnomon. The gnomon was still being used to measure the noon shadow and fix the solstices. Shen redesigned the armillary sphere that is used to make angular measurements, and the clepsydra which determines the time that observations are made. He improved the armillary sphere by improving the diameter of the naked eye sighting tube. Shen noticed that the polestar could no longer be seen in the sighting tube at night. He slowly widened the tube by using the plots of the polestar three times a night for three months to adjust the aim. His new calibration revealed that the tube was slightly three degrees off. The clepsydra also had calibration problems as well, in the past day and night were separately divided by hours. Shen realized that day and night hours were different from season to season. The time was read from float rods in an overflow-tank. Shen saw these problems and proposed a new design for these float tanks. Shen also made his mark in his discussions of solar, lunar, and eclipse phenomena. This by far was the most extraordinary of his cosmological hypothesis that accounts for variations in planetary motions that include retrogradation. Shen noted that the greatest planetary anamoloy happened near stationary points. He proposed a model that suggested that the planet moved in the shape of a willow leaf attached to one side of a periphery circle. The way the planets changed thier direction of motion in respect to the stars was explained by the travel from one point of the leaf to the other. This served the same purpose as the epicycle served in Europe Shen's writings were in part considered to be the highest achievement in traditional Chinese mathematical astronomy. After his impeachment from office at the age of fifty-one Shen moved to a small piece of land in the country. It was there that Shen completed three books and an atlas of China. One of these books was called Brush Talks From The Dream Brook. This book includes some of Shen Kua's most elaborate ideas on such things

Strategic and Marketing Analysis of Citroen The WritePass Journal

Strategic and Marketing Analysis of Citroen Background Strategic and Marketing Analysis of Citroen Background1. Executive Summary2. Situation Analysis2.1 Market Summary2.2 SWOT Analysis 2.3 Competition  2.4 Product Offer 2.5 Distribution3. Marketing Strategy3.1 Objectives:3.2 Target markets3.3 Positioning  3.4 Strategies:3.5 Marketing Time Line3.6 Market Research  4. Financial matters   5.   Controls5.1 Implementation5.2 Marketing OrganizationConclusionReferencesRelated Background We will be discussing on the various techniques involved in the marketing plan for an organization in order to make reach the product to the customers. The report given here summarizes the various activities involved in marketing the end product named â€Å"CE 13† of Citroen which is an eco-friendly as well as helps in maintaining our greener environment. 1. Executive Summary Citroen was founded in 1919 by Andre-Gustave, which was the first car company to mass produce outside the United States of America. Almost within eight years after it had started, it became one of the largest car manufacturers in Europe. Citroen is all set to launch its hybrid plug-in car named â€Å"CE 13† in the UK market. As hybrid cars are already available in the UK market the competition is also the toughest. The strengths in the proposal of CE 13 is its small, economic and fuel-efficiency. CE 13 will be a challenge to the current version of both gasoline and the electric one now available in the market. Their target is specifically based on a specific proportion of consumers who needs a vehicle for commuting in their daily life. As it is compact in size it is very easy to commute between the congested traffics so helps in evading the congestion charge in the UK. The marketing objective of CE 13 is limited to 10 to 15 percent in the UK with the unit sales of about 10000-12000 units in the next two years. Financial objective of CE 13 at the time of introduction is to achieve the sales of GBP 20 to 30 million. 2. Situation Analysis Citroen which was established in 1919 is all set to manufacture the plug in hybrid car for the UK market which is a developed nation has a good economical growth rate. Though during recession it had seen number of problems the country has still maintained their economy stable compared to other nations. Citroen has considered the fact of the increase in fuel prices and has come up with the solution to meet this with their plan of CE 13 which will help its consumers overcome their problem of fuel prices. As soon as CE 13 hits the market, the consumers will be overwhelmed to buy the plug in hybrid as it has an enhanced product portfolio and covers the overall worries of the car customers in terms of money as well as the performance. GDP of UK was 0.5 percent in the latest quarter which was revised from a fall of 0.6 percent published earlier. GDP estimated during 2010 fourth quarter is now 1.5 percent higher than the fourth quarter of 2009 (National Statistics, 2011). Also the output in the latest quarter was up 0.8 percent for the manufacturing industries. Manufacturing output has increases 1.1 percent and 4.3 percent of increase was seen in utilities output and the mining and quarrying output has fell by 4.1 percent. 2.1 Market Summary CE 13 market comprises of customers who prefer to use sustainable energy to compensate the spending on petrol or diesel. The major segment being targeted during the initial period includes the professionals and senior citizens, who have annual personal disposable income above GBP 7000. Table 1 shows how CE 13 addresses the needs of targeted customers. TARGETED SEGMENT CUSTOMER NEED RESPECTIVE FEATURE Professionals To acquire modern technology at reasonable price; reasonable mileage. A smooth drive for 45 miles per charge and an automatic change to fuel after 45. Senior citizen Have a safe mode of transport in traffic; savings in fuel expenditure. Compact structure providing ease in traffic with dual air bags Table 1: Segmented customers (Jeroldin, 2011) CE 13 will be available in one basic model with carbon dioxide emission below 40 g/km. The CE 13 operates entirely as an electric car for its first 25 miles, drawing energy from a 450-pound lithium ion battery and then uses the gasoline for the 1.6 liter engine that provides another 360 added miles. Thus the design of the car along with its price and technology will strengthen its presence in the UK PHEV market. 2.2 SWOT Analysis Strengths Advanced technology from C- zero, C3 picasso, Berlingo multispace are used in building this plug in hybrid electric vehicle. CE 13 has better fuel effiency of about of 45 miles for a single charge and covers and average range of 15 miles per liter of petrol. So this adds the strength to the CE 13 as usual vehicles have a mileage of below 13 per liter of petrol. Towards the initiative to a greener environment the CE 13 holds the key as it emits less than 40g/km which is helps our environment for its sustainability.   Weakness Consumers are not much aware of the Plug in hybrid technology as because there are less fuel station for charging the electrically and people has less idea of these high end technological factors in mind. As newer technology is used in the development of CE 13 the price band is as well on the higher and only the customer who have wages above GBP 2000 are able to buy the vehicle and also to be on the safer side we are providing finance option for the vehicle by having tie with the HSBC bank which will lower the tensions between the customers who are less affordable to buy which again acts as a strength for us. Considering maintenance of CE 13, as it is a hybrid plug-in the maintenance is slightly higher than the usual ones. Opportunities As towards the step to sustainable and greener environment, UK government supports in the development of CE 13 as it is eco friendly as well as fuel efficient in compared to other vehicles on road. Due to step to greener environment, government had decided to lessen the tax and import duties of batteries being waived. Threats One of the major threat being faced by CE 13 is the extending of the product life cycle. As this is a newer step in the technology and offers only one single model in the market extending the life cycle of CE13 is currently not possible as it is in the growth stage of the. Later after the maturity of the product the extension will be made within next two years on a average estimation. 2.3 Competition There are considerable amounts of rivals seen in the plug-in hybrid industries and one of the major rivals is the Volvo and another major rival is the Toyota who plays a major role in the technological development in the UK market. Toyota prius is currently the market leader in the UK market for the plug-in hybrid version of the vehicle. So the competition is tougher and our new technology used in the development of the same is higher than usual which will support in the battle of survival in the UK market with Toyota prius. Another rival is the BMW which is planning to introduce their plug-in hybrid car in the UK market with by launching their â€Å"i-series†. Another major rival is the Honda with their newer version of plug-in hybrid technology as they have introduced in the Japan. Though there are different rivals in the market with higher competition, we believe to withstand all the rivals in the market with our leading edge technology we have used in the development of our CE 13.   2.4 Product Offer CE 13 is going to be introduced in a single variant as it is a newer version, currently only single variant is available and has the following features included in it: Rechargeable lithium ion battery that can be charged connecting to an ordinary 240V socket. The battery comes along with a one year replacement warranty. Extended cable alongside the electric inverter. 1.6 liter petrol engine Air condition Heater DVD player Central locking Power steering Anti theft alarm Dual air-bags. These are the basic features included in CE 13 and with the gradual maturity of the product we have decided to enhance the features further based on the development of CE 13 later after two years based on the customer requirements. 2.5 Distribution Citroen cars are normally made available to the customers through the following retail channels such as: Citroen motors showrooms. Dealership with private showrooms. Events such as Auto expo conducted in the various parts UK. Through online booking. 3. Marketing Strategy 3.1 Objectives: Citroen has currently set a realistic and achievable objective for the first and second years of the market entry. First-year objectives: Citroen is aiming for 10-15 percent share in UK market through the establishment of CE 13 with a unit sales volume of Indian PHEV market through a unit sales volume of 10,000 to 12,000 by summer 2012. Second-year objectives: Second year objective is set to introduce new variants with added features during the fiscal year of 2013 with a diesel variant plug-in. Contingency Planning: In unforeseen situation of the product not satisfying the objectives, Citroen will postpone the launch of the succeeding model till the break-even is attained. The target market share will remain the same and new marketing process may be acquired (Jeroldin, 2011). 3.2 Target markets Citroen’s targeted customers are segmented demographically and geographically. Our primary customer target for the CE 13 is upper working professionals who need to commute on daily basis, who opt to charge than fill fuel, and be entertained on the go. Our secondary customer target is senior citizens who want a simple car with savings in fuel spending. The segmented audience is between the age of 25-65 and having a personal disposable income more than GBP 7000 (Jeroldin, 2011). 3.3 Positioning Using product differentiation and comparing with other brands of the PHEV segment, we position Electra as a high quality car with comparatively low price in the Indian market. Our marketing will highlight on the affordable price, trusted brand, and environmental friendly with the quantity of carbon dioxide emission differentiating the Citroen CE 13.   3.4 Strategies: Product The CE 13 comprises of all the normal features available in the normal market earlier during the introduction of the vehicle. Later it will include custom developed features based on the customer requirements which include spare parts warranty of one year and also offer the onsite road assistance support made available 24/7 to the customers. CE 13 will inherit the normal logo with an added eco-friendly logo to its normal logo. Pricing Citroen has planned to price the vehicle at GBP 33,000 for the single variant which will be made available to the customers including all the necessary taxation. The price of the product is developed using the market-penetration pricing concept to acquire higher long-run profits for the company (Kohtler, 2009). We expect to lower the price of this model when we upgrade the product by launching our new model later during 2012, to be priced around GBP 42, 000.The low-priced high quality cultural requirement of the customers is fulfilled to gain shares of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle market in the UK. Distribution Around 70 per cent of the manufactured cars will reach its destined owners through various Citroen motor showrooms in various parts of UK, and the remaining production via private agents and showrooms. Detailed specification handouts will be provided to support our distribution partners. The company also plans to consider special payment terms for agents that place consistent orders. Marketing Communication Though the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle technology is relevantly is old in the UK market, creating awareness in the public will be the initial step in the promotion of the product. The primary action is to successfully launch the CE 13 in the upcoming Auto Expo to be conducted in UK later this year. A combination of â€Å"Above the line† (ATL) and â€Å"Below the line† (BTL) activities will be used in Electra’s marketing process. ATL will include the print media, mostly magazines like the Overdrive, television adverts and the internet. The latter will use automobile fairs organized in various parts of the country to pull customers and also movie theaters, which is often visited by professionals (Jeroldin, 2011). 3.5 Marketing Time Line The CE 13 will be introduced in during June as the testing of the car is current being taking place. Here are the summarized lists of action programmes we will implement to achieve our stated objectives. May: We will launch a GBP 0.3 million trade sales marketing campaign and take part in various Auto Expo or Fairs to support and educate dealers. This will also function as foundation by developing support for product launch in June. Key production staff with the help of marketing team will work with retail sales personnel to explain the features of the CE 13. June: Citroen will be starting the detailed print campaign via auto magazines and also adverts in the Internet and television. The sales team will play a critical role in explaining the car to the interested customers. July: As the multimedia promotions continue, we will organize contest in which users will post to the organization’s blog as ‘which is the best methodology to spend least on gasoline? ‘(an average of 40 miles/day covered)’. This private user sales promotion will act as direct feedback from the customers. August: Citroen will organize a ‘Green home’ rally to spread awareness about the main feature of Hybrid technology and its effect on the environment. 3.6 Market Research ‘Using the research, we will identify specific features and benefits of our target market segments value’ (Kohtler, 2009). The feedback obtained from the customers through blogs, vehicle rating and review by ‘Autocar’ will set up the perfect CE 13. We are also tracking and analyzing customer’s thinking over competing brands in the PHEV market (Jeroldin, 2011).   4. Financial matters Total first-year sales revenue for the Citroen CE 13 is projected at GBP $20 million, with an average whole sale price of GBP 32000 per unit and variable cost of GBP 21000 per unit for unit sales volume of 4000 in the first year. A first year loss of GBP 12 million is anticipated. The break-even calculations indicate that CE 13 will attain profit after the sales of 4773 units, mid way in the product’s second year. The analysis also estimates first-year fixed costs of GBP 52.5 million. Based on the assumptions, break-even calculation is GBP $52,500,000/ ($32000-$21000) = 4773 units    5.   Controls The control of the marketing procedure of CE 13 will help the management to measure performance and provide an opportunity to improve in the required segments. ‘Controls are being established to cover implementation and the organization of our marketing activities’ (Kohtler et al 2009). 5.1 Implementation We have implemented the Annual-plan control in our marketing activities (Kotler et al 2009). The senior management will set quarterly goals to monitor the performance of CE 13 in the UK market and later in the European market. The management will then trace the deviation, if any, and take required action to make the performance co-inside with the goals (Jeroldin, 2011). 5.2 Marketing Organization The marketing director of Citroen takes the overall responsibility to get all the marketing activities done in the respective allocated time. The new product manager/marketing manager is utilized to identify the opportunities of CE 13 UK market and anticipate the customer needs. They should have strong knowledge of advertising and merchandizing agencies to promote via campaigns and programs. It’s the honored responsibility of Citroen to satisfy the needs of the customer through CE 13. Conclusion Thus, the marketing plan for CE 13 of Citroen is achieved based on the various techniques given in order make reach the final product to the customers. The marketing planning helps in increasing the sales, growth and monitors these reports in order to successfully maintain the development of the Citroen in the Hybrid plug-in market. Following a structured marketing plan helps in the development of the organization and positions the market perfectly according to the needs of the customers. References Kohtler, P., Keller, K.L., Bradley, M., Goodman, M., Hansen, T. (2009) Marketing Management. England: Pearson Education Limited. Alphone Seon Jeroldin (2011) Marketing Planning. Marketing in a Global Age 1 1-9 Citroen (2011) the list of reference illustrated [online] available from citroen.co.uk/home/#/new-cars/car-range/ [17 April 2011]. National stastistics (2011) the list of reference illustrated [online] available from statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=192 [17 April 2011]. business-standard (2011) the list of reference illustrated [online] available from business-standard.com/india/news/automakers-chargedfor-green-drive/429431/ [17 April 2011]. hybridcars (2011) the list of reference illustrated [online] available from hybridcars.com/plug-in-hybrid-cars [17 April 2011]. emic-bg (2011) the list of reference illustrated [online] available from http://emic-bg.org/files/Global_Market_Analysis_of_Plug_in_Hybrid_Electric.pdf [17 April 2011].

Regional Economic Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regional Economic Integration - Essay Example Indonesian economy is rapidly developing; it is the largest economy of South Asia nowadays. The country’s GDP is 14, 4% in agricultural sector, 48, 1% - industry, and service sector is 37, 5% (according to 2009 data). All the countries mentioned above appear to be competing as they produce and export similar goods. At the given time period these Asian countries’ economy is attractive for foreign investors. Still, the business in tourism and oil refining branch remain the most profitable and prosperous nowadays, thus this fact makes these branches interesting to the potential investors. As for Taiwan economy, financial sector is also worth to invest in. Key words: regional economic integration, the GDP, economic sector, competition, foreign investment. The Asian countries keep their economic development. The economic miracle known as â€Å"the leap of Asian tigers†, unfortunately, affected not all Asian countries. Though the economy of these countries is rapidly d eveloping, according to the experts’ assessments, 16, 3 per cent of people still remain below poverty line. The Philippine economy is a combination of agriculture (24, 9%), light industry (29, 1%) and the sector of related services (51, 1%).